Experimental quantum communication in demanding regimes

Quantum communication promises to outperform its classical counterparts and enable protocols previously impossible. Specifically, quantum key distribution (QKD) allows a cryptographic key to be shared between distant parties with provable security. Much work has been performed on theoretical and experi- mental aspects of QKD, and the push is on to make it commercially viable and integrable with existing technologies. To this end I have performed simulations and experiments on QKD and other quantum protocols in regimes previously unexplored. The first experiment involves QKD via distributed entanglement through the standard telecommunications optical fibre network. I show that entanglement is preserved, even when the photons used are a shorter wavelength than the design of the optical fibre calls for. This surprising result is then used to demonstrate QKD over installed optical fibre, even with co-propagating classical traffic. Because the quantum and classical signals are sufficiently separated in wavelength, little cross-talk is observed, leading to high compatibility between this type of QKD and existing telecommunications infrastructure. Secondly, I demonstrate the key components of fully-modulated decoy-state QKD over the highest-loss channel to date, using a novel photon source based on weak coherent (laser) pulses. This system has application in a satellite uplink of QKD, which would enable worldwide secure communication. The uplink allows the complex quantum source to be kept on the ground while only simple receivers are in space, but suffers from high link loss due to atmospheric turbulence, necessitating the use of specific photon detectors and highly tailored photon pulses. My results could be applied in a near term satellite mission

SEARCHING FOR A NEW ENSO SST INDEX: THE TWO-BOX METHOD

Operational Niño indices in the Eastern Pacific region use a one-box method to calculate sea surface temperature anomalies for identifying El Niño and La Niña events. A new sea surface temperature index method is presented here, which we call the Niño Difference Index. The definition calls for an additional sea surface temperature box to be placed in the Maritime Continent to use in conjunction with an Eastern Pacific sea surface temperature box. Our two-box method measures the sea surface temperature gradient in the tropical Pacific region, a hallmark feature of ENSO events since the sea surface temperature gradient weakens (strengthens) during an El Niño (La Niña) event. The definition of the Niño Difference Index has a more fundamental connection to ENSO since Niño indices only measure the sea surface temperature anomalies in a localized area of the tropical Pacific which have a strong sea surface temperature response during El Niño/La Niña events. The Niño Difference Index also relates to the shift in the locations of strong atmospheric convection in the tropical Pacific because the it is a measure of where convection migrates to/away from during an ENSO event. Niño Difference Index definitions are searched for using the local and remote response of precipitation to ENSO to use this measure of the atmospheric response and see if different regions of the globe find different index definitions that are optimal. Southern Oscillation Index data is also incorporated in our search process to search for Niño Difference Index options. Once Niño Difference Index options are narrowed down to a small subset, a series of final correlation tests is done using different ENSO metrics. This will determine the strength of the final Niño Difference Index options relationship with ENSO compared to the operational Niño indices

Heralding Photonic Qubits for Quantum Communication

Quantum communication attempts to harness the unique rules of quantum mechanics to perform communication tasks that are difficult or impossible using classical rules. To realize these benefits, information must be carried on quantum systems. Photons make excellent carriers because they interact very little with the environment, move quickly, and can naturally store quantum information in their polarization. However, it is notoriously difficult to detect a single photon without destroying it. Standard detectors simply absorb the photon, losing the quantum information. This is a critical outstanding problem in quantum communication, as advanced protocols need to know exactly when a photon has arrived at a receiver after transmission through the atmosphere or an optical fibre before performing further quantum-information-processing tasks. Certifying a photon’s presence is of particular interest in tests of Bell’s inequalities, which have only recently been performed without loopholes arising from photon loss, and in device-independent quantum cryptography, which relies on such Bell tests for security. In this thesis, I first present work on directly reducing losses in a successful loophole-free Bell test. This is an extremely difficult task that cannot be extended for long-distance communication. Therefore I then focus on ways to circumvent loss by detecting photons without destroying them while preserving their quantum information. First I analyze theoretically a way to herald photons using only linear-optical elements (beam splitters and phase shifters) and extra ancilla photons. Similar but older methods have been demonstrated experimentally by other groups, and my improvements will help future advanced quantum communication protocols. The main experiment in this thesis certifies the presence of a photon in a rather simple way: split the photon into two using a nonlinear optical crystal, then detect one of the pair to herald the other. I show in this first proof-of-principle experiment that photonic qubit precertification indeed preserves qubit states, with up to (92.3 ± 0.6)% fidelity and rates of 1100 events per hour. With reductions in detector dark counts, precertification could outperform direct transmission, even with extremely lossy fibre links. Finally, I present two sources of photons based on nonlinearities in optical fibres. One of the limitations of the photon splitting scheme for heralding is the low success probability due to the very low likelihood of splitting a photon in two. In these fibre photon sources I investigate increasing the splitting likelihood in four-wave mixing through advanced materials and fibre designs. I use polarization-maintaining fibres to generate entangled photon pairs as a prerequisite to precertification, with (92.2 ± 0.2)% fidelity to a maximally-entangled state. Then I show that one type of highly nonlinear chalcogenide glass, never before used for photon pair generation, could outperform standard nonlinear crystals by two orders of magnitude, with calculated conversion efficiency up to 10^-3. To approach the single photon regime, I generate photon pairs in chalcogenide microwires with pump powers as low as 480 nW and verify their timing correlations. These advances demonstrate the capability of nondestructive precertification of photons to allow advanced quantum communications protocols even over long distance, and could lead to the first implementations of fully device-independent quantum cryptography